Referring to my last blogpost, I did not receive the Email telling me that my Device is not enrolled or compliant. The following Error was shown inside the Exchange Connector log (EasDisc.log):

ERROR: Failed to call ProcessConditionalAccess of managed COM. error = Unknown error 0x80131500

And Also:
ERROR: [MANAGED] Encountered error when trying to create Exchange service for user svc-sccm2012exch2010@hosebei.ch, exception : The Autodiscover service couldn’t be located.

The solution was quite simple: The Password of the service Account was not correctly set. After setting the correct password through the Account area of the Security Tree, the Mail was sent within minutes.

Hope this helps